<p>The Grande Ronde River Bridge, near Asotin in Asotin County in southeast Washington, is a riveted steel girder bridge which was built in 1941. It is notable as the first, or one of the first, steel girder bridges in the Washington State highway system, and was a prototype for later ones. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>It brings Washington State Route 129 over the Grande Ronde River, about 13 mi south of Anatone, Washington and 23 mile southwest of Asotin. It is 283 ft long in total, with a center suspended span 55 ft long between two 30 ft cantilever spans. On each side is a 24 ft reinforced concrete T-beam approach span and a steel anchor arm span 60 ft long.</p><br>
<p>It was built for the Washington State Highway Department by contractor Henry Hagman using steel fabricated by the Clinton Bridge Company of Clinton, Iowa. R. W. Finke was the bridge engineer.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination states:</p><br>
<p>Although the bridge is lacking overt artistic features, its design is particularly appropriate to the unique character of the location. The simple horizontal lines of the bridge complement the basalt outcrops rising abruptly in layered formations from the valley floor. The bridge&#39;s configuration and type of construction appear to have been an excellent engineering solution for this particular river crossing.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Timothy Memorial Bridge is a tied-arch bridge which spans Alpowa Creek less than half a mile before that creek joins the Snake River, about 8 mile west of Clarkston in Asotin County, Washington. It was built by the Washington State Department of Transportation in 1923 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It is the only two-span tied arch bridge in the state, and one of only five concrete tied arch bridges. It has two 100 ft arches, each of which has 20 ft rise.</p><br>
<p>It is named for Ta-moot-Tsoo (Chief Timothy), a Nez Perce Indian who lived from 1800-1891, who was "a true friend of the early settlers of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho." Chief Timothy Park is located on Silcott Island in the Snake River, close to the mouth of Alpowa Creek.</p><br>
<p>It was preserved when what is now USA Route 12 was widened, and stands roughly parallel to the existing route 12 bridge, about 100 ft apart.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was documented in the HAER program in 1993, with photography by Jet Lowe.</p><br>
<p>Mount Olympus is a mountain in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania, Australia. It is the 24th highest mountain in Tasmania at 1,472 m above sea level and is situated about 8 km South-East of Mount Gould and about 4 km west of Lake St. Clair.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1835 George Frankland climbed the mountain and named it Mount Olympus.</p><br>
<h2>Art</h2><br>
<p>Mount Olympus was painted by the Australian landscape painter, William Charles Piguenit. It was purchased by the Art Gallery of New South Wales in 1875 and was the Gallery&#39;s first oil painting acquisition, "the first Australian work purchased by public subscription", and the first work acquired by the gallery of an Australian-born artist.</p><br>
<p>Another of Piguenit&#39;s Olympus painting is held by the National Library of Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Nothofagus gunnii was first collected by Ronald Campbell Gunn in 1847 from Olympus. It is "Australia&#39;s only cold climate winter-deciduous tree", is found mainly in areas above 800 metres with rainfall of more than 1800mm, and is one of the plants that indicates Gondwana.</p><br>
<p>The Egbert H. Gold Estate, also known as the Marigold Lodge, is a summer estate located at 1116 Hazel Avenue in Holland, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Egbert H. Gold was born in 1868 in Cornwall, Connecticut. His family had been designers and manufacturers of steam heating systems; Gold&#39;s father invented the first cast-iron radiator. Gold went into the family business, but in 1901 struck out on his own and established a company based in Chicago. In 1913, while yachting with his wife Margaret, Gold anchored in Lake Macatawa and went ashore to explore this peninsula. Seeing potential in the land, he purchased the property in December of that year. He had the land built up, and in 1913 began construction of a lodge on the property. Gold hired architect Thomas Eddy Tallmadge to design the lodge, and H. D. Deam to build it. He named the property "Marigold" after his wife Margaret and daughter Mary Jayne.</p><br>
<p>Gold was an avid horticulturist, and imported plantings to landscape the grounds and built greenhouses on the property. During the 1920s, Gold expanded and remodeled the lodge, and he continued to visit until his death in 1928. Margaret Gold later met and married opera singer Mischa Thorgevsky, and the family continued to use the estate until her death in 1968. In 1969, Mary Jane Gold, Egbert and Margaret&#39;s only surviving child, donated the lodge and grounds to Hope College. However, the high cost of maintenance caused the college to eventually sell the estate to manufacturer Herman Miller in 1978. Herman Miller refurbished and updated the buildings and furnishings, and uses the estate as a training center and private hotel for its customers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Marigold Lodge is located on a 7-1/2 acre peninsula which projects into Lake Macatawa. The main house is a two-story Prairie School structure with dark wood and stucco facades. The property also includes a guest house, as gazebo, and other modern structures. The main house has been converted into a visitor;s center and hotel by Herman Miller. Other earlier structures have been replaced or reconstructed by Herman Miller.</p><br>
<p>The main lodge has a low pitched hipped roof covered with brown shingles, penetrated by red brick chimneys and pointed dormers. The facades are faced with stucco, and have horizontal bands of dark wood. The south facade has a one-story enclosed sun porch, now used as a dining room. The east and west facades have smaller enclosed porches. A service and guest wing is attached to the north facade.</p><br>
<p>Inside the lodge, the first story contains a living room, two dining rooms, a library, and sun porch. The service wing contains a modern kitchen, and office, and an employee lounge. The second story has eight bedrooms, each with attached bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>The Fruitport Road–Pettys Bayou Bridge, also known as the Bowen Bridge, is a multiple span bridge carrying Fruitport Road over Petty&#39;s Bayou  in Spring Lake Township, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ottawa County Road Commission undertook a county-wide road and bridge improvement project, starting in the 1910s. In 1921, the commission hired Carl Bowen, a former civil engineer at the Michigan State Highway Department. Bowen supervised the construction of numerous projects during his 30+ year tenure with the commission, including the construction of this bridge in 1948. The design of the bridge was completed by the Michigan State Highway Department in 1947, and L.W. Lamb of Holland was contracted to construct the bridge. Construction started in February 1948, and the bridge was opened to traffic in December. The bridge was dedicated to Carl Bowen at the request of the local Chamber of Commerce. It has continued to carry traffic since its construction. The superstructure was reconstructed, and the bridge repaved, in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fruitport Road–Pettys Bayou Bridge is a multiple-span concrete-and-steel bridge, consisting of nine spans stretching 418 feet. Five spans are 55 feet in length, two are 53 feet, and two are 18 feet. Each span contains eight lines of rolled I-beams, braced laterally. The foundations of the bridge are unusually deep, due to the marshy soil below and the substructure units are of a lightweight cellular construction to reduce the load on the soil, and spread it out over a large area. The superstructure is of standard Michigan State Highway Department design, with corbeled steps on the bulkheads and concrete piers, ornamental steel guardrails, and a concrete deck.</p><br>
<p>The Aloys Bilz House is a private house located at 107 South Division Street in Spring Lake, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The house is remarkably unaltered from its original look in 1872.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aloys Bilz was born in 1841 in Dupplesgrun, Bohemia to Joseph and Margaret Bilz of Bavaria. In 1850, the family emigrated to Buffalo, New York. In 1854, Aloys apprenticed himself to a tinsmith, and spent the next few years learning the trade. Starting in 1857, he supervised a tin shop in New Baltimore, Michigan, where he worked until 1863. In 1864, Bilz married Mary Alice Thompson, then moved to various communities until settling in Spring Lake in 1866 and opening a tin shop and hardware business. The business was quickly profitable, and in six months, Bilz purchased this plot of land on which he built a shop and house.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1871, fire destroyed the community, including Bilz&#39;s shop and house. Following the fire, Bilz rebuilt his business, and constructed this new house on the site of his previous one. Bilz also rebuilt his business, and went on to invest in other business interests in the Spring Lake area, as well as serve as village president for ten years. He lived in the house until his death in 1934.</p><br>
<p>Bilzs son, William A. Bilz (born 1880), was also active in the community, operated his fathers hardware store, and lived in the same house. He lived in the house until his death in 1940. After this, his W. Preston Bilz inherited the house and lived here until his own death in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Aloys Bilz House is an L-shapes, two-story Italianate house with a gabled roof and brick foundation. It is clad with clapboard. The roofline gables have classical cornices with returns, echoing a Greek Revival style, but it has mainly Italianate details, including paired brackets under the eaves and arched window and door openings. The main entrance to the house is through a porch on the inside of the L.</p><br>
<p>On the inside, the first floor contains an entry hall with stairway, and a sitting/dining room, parlor, and master bedroom off the entry hall. A kitchen, pantry,and day room are in the rear, within a single-story extension. The second floor is smaller than the first, and contains three bedrooms and a bathroom.</p><br>
<p>Sheldrake Lake is a lake in Canada. It is located in the province of Nova Scotia, in the southeastern part of the country, 900 km east of the capital Ottawa. Sheldrake Lake is 76 meters above sea level. The area is 0.19 square kilometers. It is located on Lake Five Island Lake. The highest point nearby is 107 meters above sea level, 1.1 km northwest of Sheldrake Lake. It stretches 0.6 km in the north-south direction, and 0.5 km kilometers in the east-west direction.</p><br>
<p>Otherwise, there are the following at Sheldrake Lake:</p><br>
<p>Upper Sheldrake Lake</p><br>
<p>Big Hubley Lake</p><br>
<p>In the surroundings around Sheldrake Lake, mainly forests grow. Around Sheldrake Lake, it is quite densely populated, with 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. The tract is part of the hemiboreal climate zone. The annual average temperature in the funnel is 6 ° C. The warmest month is July, when the average temperature is 18 ° C, and the coldest is January, with -8 ° C. Average yearly average is 1 826 millimeters. The rainy month is December, with an average of 299 mm rainfall, and the driest is May, with 84 mm rainfall.</p><br>
<p>The Dog Creek School, near Shady Point, Oklahoma, is a one-room school built in 1936 as a Works Progress Administration project. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story 24 x built of roughly coursed sandstone, with a roof covered by tin sheets. It was built from an Oklahoma State Department of Education pattern book design.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination notes:As a WPA school building, the Dog Creek facility is significant in that it is one of very few one-room structures remaining in relative good condition. It also suggests the crude workmanship on early WPA projects. Within the community itself, it is notable architecturally in terms of type, style, materials and workmanship. Construction of it also provided work opportunities for destitute laborers who had long been on relief rolls and faced the possibility of starvation, rekindling some self respect. The building also improved the quality of instruction in the Dog Creek area, a very remote region.</p><br>
<p>It was one of 48 buildings and 11 structures reviewed in a 1985 study of WPA works in southeastern Oklahoma, which led to almost all of them being listed on the National Register in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Germania Hall is a historic community hall in Germania Township, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1917 as a practice and performing space for a community band. Later it served as a general event venue for its rural township. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for having local significance in the themes of performing arts and social history. It was nominated for being a rare surviving example of a community band hall, and for its long service as the township&#39;s social and political center.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Germania Hall is a simple one-story, wood-frame building with a gable roof. Its footprint measures 28 by. It stands on a poured concrete foundation and has shiplap siding.</p><br>
<p>The main entry is a single door centered on the western façade. The interior is a single room with a stage at the eastern end raised about 3 ft above the hardwood floor.</p><br>
<h2>The Germania Cornet Band</h2><br>
<p>Around 1915, 20 area residents formed a brass band. This was a common hobby in the United States from the mid-19th century through about 1920. The instruments were easy to learn and demand for performances was high, as virtually any public gathering from fairs to grand opening ceremonies to funerals was considered incomplete without a brass band. The majority of the members of the newly-formed Germania Cornet Band lived and worked on farms within three miles of each other. They were mostly young, American-born sons of Swedish and Norwegian immigrants who had come to the United States in the 1880s. However the oldest band member, 43-year-old Gustaf Peterson, had himself left Sweden in 1892 and settled in Germania Township in 1903. Several band members were siblings, and at least two were just 13 years old.</p><br>
<p>As founding member Carl Peterson later recalled, "none of us had ever played an instrument—we didnt even know how to read notes, but we thought it would be fun to have a band." The group hired "Professor" George Mundy of nearby Eagle Bend, Minnesota, to be their band director, paying him $5 per practice session. Mundy helped them order their instruments—brass bands were so common that package deals of all necessary instruments plus sheet music were available by mail-order from several companies. Peterson went on: "It was a great day when our instruments arrived—everyone tried to blow the horns, beat the drums, etc." An early photograph of the Germania Cornet Band shows members wielding five types of horn, three types of trumpet, three clarinets, one trombone, a snare drum, and a bass drum. Almost as important as instruments were a bands uniforms—the Germania Band&#39;s outfits were black with gold braid and the initials "G.B." stitched on the collar.</p><br>
<p>The band performed at concerts and barn dances in the area. Their repertoire consisted of locally popular music: a mix of polkas, waltzes, two-steps, and some Nordic folk music. The bandmembers took no money individually, pooling their earnings to pay their instructor Mundy. In the summer of 1916 they performed twice in the barn of member Sigvard Bjerkens family. That December they gave a concert at the opera house in nearby Clarissa, Minnesota. Initially the band had been practicing in a vacant building, but by March 1917 they had earned enough to commission their own band hall. Bjerkens parents gave them a free 20-year lease on an acre at the edge of their farm. The band paid Clarissa resident John Johnson $150 to design and build a suitable space, and they assisted him in the labor.</p><br>
<p>The band hall was dedicated on September 23, 1917, in a ceremony that included orators, a picnic dinner, performances by the Germania Cornet Band and a few other bands, and a "loyalty demonstration" intended to counteract growing discrimination against immigrant communities as the United States entered World War I. The following month, band director George Mundy—who had also helped found the Clarissa High School Band—moved away to Pelican Rapids, Minnesota, to start a new musical group there. The Germania Cornet Band was able to continue without him, holding practices, concerts, and dances at their new hall and performing at numerous community events. They also opened up the hall to others. In September 1918 it was the site of a dance benefitting the Red Cross and a locally-produced play. Other area bands performed there and dances were scheduled regularly. The township board began using the hall for meetings and elections. During Prohibition, the organizer of the regular Saturday night dances alerted the county sheriff to troublemakers getting drunk on moonshine, resulting in a January 1925 raid that landed seven young men in jail. The Clarissa Independent proudly reported that all but two of them were "outsiders" from Bartlett Township and Aldrich, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>Community use</h2><br>
<p>The Germania Cornet Band folded in the early 1920s. Around the nation, the heyday of the community brass band was drawing to a close as phonographs, movies, and radio provided new ways to hear music, and the advent of cars, telephones, and better roads reduced the isolation of rural communities. However these same factors eased the creation of rural community clubs, and the newly-formed Germania Community Club took on a key role in local social life. Throughout the 1930s the club sponsored educational lectures, talent shows, and spelling bees at the hall. They also organized a popular annual picnic that typically included music, dancing, speeches, food concessions, and sporting contests such as races, horseshoes, wrestling, boxing, tug-of-war, and baseball.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 the hall was donated to the Germania Community Club and they purchased its 1 acre lot for $50. A 1968 newspaper article noted that the hall was still regularly used by 4-H and other groups for athletic practices and events, school programs, talent shows, township meetings, and elections. At the time of the hall&#39;s National Register nomination in the mid-1990s, the Germania Community Club continued to hold monthly meetings and dances there. The township government has since relocated to a building that originated as a 1941 school, but the old hall is "still used for occasional dances, parties, and even as a large family’s hunting headquarters".</p><br>
<p>The Max and Esther De Pree House is a private house located at 279 South Division Street in Zeeland, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Max De Pree is a son of D. J. De Pree, founder of Herman Miller office furniture company. The company had close ties with Charles and Ray Eames, beginning in 1946. In 1953, Max De Pree saw a model house design in the Eames Office in Los Angeles, and asked Eames if he could build it in Michigan. Charles suggested instead he design another house for Max. He designed this house for the De Prees, sited on a small lot next to the house they were living in at the time.</p><br>
<p>The De Prees lived in the house the house until 1975, when they sold it to Bob Rynbrandt, a Herman Miller employee. The Rynbrandts lived in the house until 2010, when it was purchased by Herman Miller, Inc., who planned to restore and preserve it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Max and Esther De Pree House is a two-story, flat-roofed Modern house. The front facade of the house has two symmetrical structures: a single-car garage on one side, the a study on the other. A covered walkway between the two leads to the house. The main body of the house is a rectangular structure containing two thousand square feet of space. The exterior has windows arranged to maximize airflow. The house is located on a sloping lot, which looks out into a wooded area leading down to a stream.</p><br>
<p>The ancient ferrier of Tannerre-en-Puisaye, located in the village of Tannerre-en-Puisaye in Burgundy, France, is a historic site used for mining and working of iron. The works date from the Gallic and Gallo-Roman times. It is one of two largest ferriers in France and one of the largest in Europe. Industrial exploitation of the site ceased when it was classed as French Heritage monument in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The root of the word "ferrier" is "fer", which means iron. This word is quite unique to French: no other language has a word that specifically means "pile of iron slag" or "iron tailings heap": these terms, "slag" and "tailings", can apply to the extraction waste by-product of any metal and not just of iron.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The of Tannerre is in the northern part of Burgundy, in the Yonne department, in the commune of Tannerre-en-Puisaye, in and around the bois de la Garenne (Wood of La Garenne) that stands just north of the village.</p><br>
<p>Two thirds of its total surface of 30 hectare are in a wood of approximately 75 hectare surface. 15.2 hectare of the southern part of the wood is owned by the town council, the rest of it being privately owned. The ferrier also spreads over inhabited areas and agricultural land.</p><br>
<p>The wood was likely much larger originally, as extracting iron from its ore required great quantities of charcoal. Metal extraction also requires a lot of water to wash the ore, a need fulfilled with the Branlin river flowing at the foot of the hill. The ore also needed to be crushed, and that was done in appropriate mills. Lastly, extracting iron required air to activate the bloomeries and the site is at the top of a hill, well exposed to winds.</p><br>
<p>This is not the only ferrier in Tannerre-en-Puisaye, a village that holds a large part of the 2,250 ferriers listed in Puisaye in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Other large ferriers in Puisaye are in Aillant-sur-Tholon, Saint-Amand-en-Puisaye, Saint-Fargeau, Fontaines, Dracy, Mézilles.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Those remains of ancient and recent exploitation have remodelled the land to heaps and holes: many holes from mineral extraction and from the removal of slag, many mounds of all sizes from miscellaneous small heaps to 15 m high mounds. The whole ferrier is spread over 30 hectare surface. It is the largest ferrier in the Puisaye area, followed by those in Villiers-Saint-Benoît, Dracy, Toucy and several others, the largest of France with that of Les Martys (Aude departement), and one of the largest in Europe.</p><br>
<p>Of this surface, 15.2 hectare are owned by the council and are classed as monument historique since October 15, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Three gallo-roman wells have been found, each 1.20 m wide and providing 2 m&sup3; per hour. One of them is 6 to 8 m deep, the two others 7 to 9 m deep (the latter have been filled for security purposes). Of the two deeper wells, one is near the Motte Champlay fort and the other towards the end of the old rail track.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ores most commonly used in Tannerre were red hematite (Fe2O3) (local hematite bearing a 70% iron content) and limonite (FeO(OH).nH2O), an hydroxide hematite (here with 60% iron content). Marcasite, an iron sulfide (FeSFe2), was little used.</p><br>
<h3>Antiquity and Middle Ages</h3><br>
<p>Tannerre&#39;s ferrier, and iron extraction in the area, was active from the Iron age up to the Middle Ages, with most production taking place during the Roman occupation.</p><br>
<p>In the early times the ore was picked straight from ground surface, with no digging involved. Surface ore eventually became all used up, so mining holes were dug down to 2 m deep; many examples of that operation remain within and around the ferrier, generally partly refilled and often retaining water. Later, deeper wells were dug as well as galleries with pit props.</p><br>
<p>Iron was produced in bloomeries made of clay, using the technique of « direct iron reduction », and forge-wrought on the spot. The people living there were Senones. This place is less than 40 km (on a beeline) from the Loire river and from the Bituriges, to whom is attributed the discovery of tinning and who were held among the best regarding their metalwork in general and ironwork in particular. The oldest bloomeries studied in France, some "trapped slag" furnaces (fours à scories piégées) giving off only a low production, are in the area of Sens only 50 miles away to the north and may date from the 7th century BC. There are many of those in the south of Puisaye, their quantity decreasing towards the north of that area. Towards the end of the Tene era (from about 500 BC to the Roman conquest in the 1 century BC), all the large exploitation sites of Puisaye seem to have increased their size and perfected their equipment.</p><br>
<p>Already largely present in Celtic times, (the Iron age in western Europe started around 800 to 700 BC), the site&#39;s production tremendously increased with the Romans intent on grabbing resources in conquered territories. They ordered the construction of very large workshops, while private production did not significantly slow down. The means and techniques that they put to use produced what is called in French « scories à laitier » literally « milk slag » of the same quality than those of modern blast furnaces. Production during the 300 years of Roman occupation is estimated at 80 % of total production of the site, all periods included. This means that in 300 after JC, the ferrier already occupied more or less the same surface as now. A Gallo-Roman village was most probably built on the hill side.</p><br>
<p>After the Romans left, mining and smelting activity notably decreased in the area. During early Middle Ages, small ferriers remained active around Saint-Fargeau as far as Lavau and to the north of Villiers-Saint-Benoit. However, the records mention</p><br>
<p>forging activities much more often than iron production. This decrease continued until the near-extinction of this activity towards the end of the High Middle Ages,</p><br>
<p>Towards the 10 century an area in the western part of the ferrier was levelled and a fort built there to guard the road to Paris. That fort is the Motte Champlay. Knolles left there his lieutenant Dauquin of Halton to hold Motte Champlay. An accord was made between Knolles and the Constable of France Robert de Fienne following the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360: upon leaving the Puisaye area, Motte Champlay was razed to the ground by the anglo-navarre troops - as well as the village (that likely was not part of the agreement) and the fort in the lower part of the village. Tannerre nearly died for more than two centuries and never again found its intense activity of old. The Motte Champlay was not rebuilt. Some large mortared blocks of its walls and foundations were found in 2009 during a land survey.</p><br>
<h3>Modern era</h3><br>
<p>At all periods, slag was occasionally used for road repairs and strengthening the road surface; that was called "ferrer" or "iron-loading" roads and other areas driven over. But the quantity of material taken overall from the antique ferriers for that purpose remained low.</p><br>
<p>From 1900 to 1982 the ferriers&#39; mounds were used on industrial scale, systematising the use (a trend already started in the 19th century) of slag to "iron-load" the roads and for rail track ballast.</p><br>
<p>Besides that, the slag was still rich in metals were sent to Lorraines blast furnaces (among which those of Homécourt) to extract the remaining iron and manganese. Indeed, Puisaye slag was more iron-rich than Lorraine ore, the latters iron content then nearing only 30%. So Tannere&#39;s slag was used as bulk material to the usual charge: the load was said to be "enriched".</p><br>
<p>Moreover, the slag in Tannerre contains silica, that for a blast furnace is the equivalent of flux for a bloomery: it allows for the ore to melt at a lower temperature, which made the task easier for blast furnaces and cured their malfunctioning.</p><br>
<p>During those times a complete network of railway tracks covered the ferrier along with switches, turntables, derailers, workshop and well. The workmen built lodgings on-site for themselves, with a mess.</p><br>
<p>World War I stopped activity on the site; it began again in 1916 with the arrival of refugee workers, Belgians and Italians. At the end of the war, Serbian workers came to the ferrier. At the end of the World War II heavy equipment such as excavators and other large machines arrived. Using these considerably modified the ferrier in many ways, notably by greatly upsetting the order of archaeological strata in many places and thus locally preventing near-any historical tracing.</p><br>
<p>This stopped when the ferrier was classified as monument historique in 1982, leaving for the furutre researchers a vast land open for investigation; it has been so disturbed that Henri de Raincourt, the minister present at the inauguration in September 2009, compares it to Verdun or the ligne Maginot.</p><br>
<h2>Promotion of the site</h2><br>
<p>After the land was abandoned for 20 years, the "association du ferrier de Tannerre", created in 2008, did a lot of work to make the site known to the public. Previously to the opening a tremendous amount of cleaning was necessary, as the site had been used for wild-dumping. There also needed to clear up heavily over-grown vegetation and to find the old paths again. Opening day was on September 19 (Heritage Day) 2009. A thorough research allowed to identify the Motte Champlay fort, le railway tracks, sites of activity at the beginning of the 20th century and other interesting points.</p><br>
<h3>Orienteering grounds</h3><br>
<p>La communauté de communes a misé on the creation of orienteering courses, this being facilitated by that the wood is not a hunting ground: it can therefore be open to the public all year round. The comité de l’Yonne de course d’orientation (comity in the Yonne departement for the French Orienteering Federation) gave its expert advice on tracing the tracks and installing 25 control points and an information panel. The tracks can extend on nearby private land for one-off events, after obtaining permission from the owners.</p><br>
<p>The first two events in June 2011 and March 2012 were the final tests for the new courses before the National association for school sports (in French Union nationale du sport scolaire or UNSS) Academy championship on April 17, 2012 with 177 runners who expressed unanimous appreciation for the new courses and have helped strengthen the reputation of the grounds&#39; installations.</p><br>
<p>Access to the grounds is open and free all year-round. Orienteering maps, control description sheets, control cards and such are available at the restaurant « Le Coup d&#39;Frein » in Tannerre, official repository.</p><br>
<h3>Welcoming visitors</h3><br>
<p>Adding to this successful project and beyond maintaining the site, paths a.s.o., the ferrier association has created and installed equipments and information media: portals at site entrances with visitor information panels, panels on history or plants at significant points along the discovery paths... At the centre of the ferrier, the site of one of the towers that made up the Motte Champlay fort was set up as a rest area with benches and tables.</p><br>
<h3>Historical highlights</h3><br>
<p>The ferrier association has also re-created some workstations showing the successive stages of ore extraction and processing during Antiquity and during the last two centuries. Various tools have been made identical to those in that remote period, including bloomeries made in the ancient fashion and their adapted double bellows, a medieval forge and its large bellows copied from a 19th century model. The bloomery requires frequent rebuildings as its lifespan covers only a few firings. It brings temperatures up 800 to 900 C.</p><br>
<p>To represent modern times, the team has re-installed and relaunched part of the railway tracks that were in use from 1912 to 1931. It asked for help from the association "Le Petit Train de Champignelles", which provided needed documentation and support. This educative railway track takes up part of the path of the old 600 mm gauge railway track that linked the site to Villiers-Saint-Benoit, and of some of its 500 mm gauge track in the ferrier. In 2009, 40 m of 500 mm narrow gauge rail tracks were laid and a railroad switch was installed. In 2012, the 20th century worksite was linked to the heart of the ferrier with 50 m of 500 mm narrow gauge tracks; that installation revealed part of a clay tuyere and the bottom of a pot, coming from the oldest layers of the ferrier. The minecart used is an original (in 1931 minecarts were replaced by trucks). A slag-extraction workplace has also been recreated, showing a sieve rebuilt identical to an original model.</p><br>
<p>These efforts have brought to life a site that is representative of the ferrier exploitation during the 19th century, with discovery paths that link all the main history points.</p><br>
<h3>Tours</h3><br>
<p>Guided tours and demonstrations of direct iron reduction in bloomeries are organised yearly, usually during the ferrier feast beginning of September and the Heritage Days later in the same month.</p><br>
<p>The association wrote a booklet on the history of the site, available since end of 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Mer Rouge High School, at 500 S. 14th St. in Mer Rouge, Morehouse Parish in northern Louisiana, was built in 1925. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story, brick veneer building. It was designed by J.W. Smith Architects of Monroe, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant "as a milestone in the history of public education in the community, and perhaps even more importantly, its auditorium was Mer Rouge’s community center. As one longtime citizen explained, in rural areas, schools are much more than</p><br>
<p>just schools; they were the “heart of the community,” where all manner of large events took place."</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the building had stood vacant since 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Old Aiken Post Office, located in Aiken, South Carolina, is a former United States Post Office and photography studio</p><br>
<p>The building was originally proposed by USA Representative George W. Croft in 1904. After Croft&#39;s death, his son, USA Representative Theodore G. Croft, continued the project. Over the years, the building has been occupied by numerous politicians, including USA Senator Strom Thurmond and South Carolina Senator Tom Young.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>USA Representative George W. Croft originally proposed the idea of building a post office in downtown Aiken in 1904. Upon Crofts death, his son Theodore G. Croft was elected to serve the remainder of his fathers congressional term. Theodore Croft continued his father&#39;s work on getting the building built, and, with the help of USA Representatives J.O. Patterson and his successor James F. Byrnes, he secured $50,000 from the USA Congress for the building. Construction began in 1911 and was completed in 1912</p><br>
<p>Dunning Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge in central Pennsylvania, United States. The mountain&#39;s north end is at McKee Gap, which separates it from Short Mountain, and where Halter Creek flows westward towards the Frankstown Branch of the Juniata River. The south end of the mountain is contiguous with Evitts Mountain, but is marked by a sharp bend to the east. The valley formed by the bend is known as "The Kettle," and the broad valley to the east of Dunning Mountain is called Morrisons Cove. The town of Roaring Spring is located at the north end of the mountain on the east side.</p><br>
<p>Route 869 crosses southern Dunning Mountain from Imler to Brumbaugh, and Route 1042 (Sproul Mountain Road) crosses it east of Sproul.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Dunning Mountain is in the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains. It forms the west limb of a broad anticline, and Tussey Mountain forms the east limb. The erosion-resistant Silurian Tuscarora Formation, a quartzite, outcrops along the crest of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Vizelj  is a short channeled river in north-central Serbia, the left tributary to the Danube. During its entire flow it runs through the suburban section of Belgrade, on the territory of municipality of Palilula.</p><br>
<h2>Course and geography</h2><br>
<p>Vizelj originates north of Padinska Skela, in the central part of the Pančevački Rit, a former marshland in the southwestern corner of the Banat region. The course of the river is in the north-to-south direction and is generally full of curves and meanders. It flows through Padinska Skela and Kovilovo, before it is being crossed by the Northern Tangent, in wider sense, a northern part of the Belgrade bypass. From there, meandering in the east-west direction, it flows on the west border of the urbanized area of Borča (neighborhoods of Mali Zbeg, Nova Borča and Stara Borča). After exiting Borča, it receives the western section of the channeled streams of Mokri Sebeš from the left and Veliki Kanal from the right side, crosses the embankment which protects the inland from the Danube and turns to the southeast. Flowing on the southern border of the neighborhood of Kotež, it empties into the Danube at its 1,168.5 km. It forms the entire eastern border of the ada of Kožara, and that entire section is projected as the future much larger Čaplja island. The final 2 km of Vizelj are also known as the Jojkićev Dunavac, named after the former mayor of Belgrade Đurica Jojkić, as during his tenure that section was channel and widened in an effort to quicken the drainage of the Pančevački Rit. Weekend settlement Mika Alas is located at the very confluence of the Vizelj.</p><br>
<p>The length of the Vizelj, due to the channeling and artificial connections with the surrounding channels, has been reported as either 27 km or 31 km. The average width of the stream is 50 m and is 1.5 to 2 m deep. During the normal and high water levels, smaller vessels can enter the channel, but during the low waters it is inaccessible.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<p>Initial works on the river were done in the 18th century, during the reign of the empress Maria Theresa, as the area was ruled by Austria at the time. In the early 1960s, with the digging of the Jojkićev Dunavac, the stream was extended and got its present form. As the area became rapidly urbanized after the World War II, which was not followed by the adequate communal infrastructure, the Vizelj got more and more polluted. It was partially cleaned in 2009. In 2012 sisters Nikolina Moldovan and Olivera Moldovan, who practiced on the Vizelj, petitioned to the mayor Dragan Đilas to do something about the worsening conditions of the river as it is important for the national sport. City decided to financially support the cleaning, though that is not administratively under the city jurisdiction. In August–September 2012 the stream was dredged, cleaned and the vegetation was cut. Since then, locals and members of the kayaк clubs organized and regularly clean the stream, including the cleaning of the banks in April 2017.</p><br>
<p>In April 2014, during the repair of the waste water collector, toxic substances were poured into the river which caused a massive fish kill. In August 2014, the agricultural company PKB apparently discharged large amounts of ammonia into the Vizelj which nearly killed the entire fish population. Despite the pollution, the river is popular among the fishermen, but the recreational fishing is forbidden on the course of 600 m, between river&#39;s 3rd and 4th kilometer.</p><br>
<p>In the autumn of 2010 a flock of 30 swans landed on the Vizelj and have been coming every years since then, and the number of swans doubled. They became a local attraction. However, the area was plagued by the avian influenza in January 2017, which killed almost 40 swans.</p><br>
<p>Vizelj is name of the PKB&#39;s pig farm. Also, a new stadium of the FK BSK Borča, built in the vicinity of the river in 2009, is named Vizelj Park.</p><br>
<p>Campbell Falls is a waterfall from the South Fork of the Umpqua River east of Canyonville, Oregon, some 12 miles upstream from Tiller, which is 25 miles east of Interstate 5 between Roseburg and Grants Pass. The waterfall is known for being the start point for river rafting the South Umpqua River and is the centerpiece attraction of the Boulder Creek Campground.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall was named in 1949 after Robert G Campbell, killed in action in 1944 while allowing his crew to escape enemy fire. Prior to enlisting, Campbell Campbell served as Assistant Ranger for the forest region that surrounds the waterfall. A commemorative bronze plaque was placed on a large bolder in the center of an island along the middle of the South Umpqua River.</p><br>
<p>736 Palisado Avenue is one of a small number of Second Empire houses in Windsor, Connecticut. Built about 1865, it is a distinctive surviving example of the style in brick, with a mansard roof and turret. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Palisado Avenue, designated Connecticut Route 159, is the principal north-south route through Windsor, roughly paralleling the Connecticut River which forms the town&#39;s eastern border. Number 736 is on the east side of the road, a short way south of the Oliver Ellsworth Homestead, on a property that extends all the way to the river. It is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, with a flared mansard roof providing a full third story in the attic space. It is asymmetrical in shape, with a prominent 2-1/2 story turret at the center of its front facade. Windows are generally set in segmented-arch windows, with gabled dormers in the steeply sloping sections of the roof. The main entry is in the right side of the tower, sheltered by a hip-roofed porch with turned post and spindled valance.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1865, and is one of three examples of the Second Empire style in the town. Its more elaborate form is a significant contrast to the surrounding houses, many of which date to the 18th and early 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>Cedars Plantation, located on Louisiana Highway 5503 3 mi west of Oak Ridge in Morehouse Parish in Louisiana, was built in c.1840 and is believed to be the oldest surviving house in the parish. It has also been known as Williams Home Place. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination describes it as "an example of a typical early Louisiana bluffland house. The bluffland house type is a -story frame house with outside end chimneys, gallery, and ell. It is a variation of the dog-trot house type, because it has a wide central hall, although in the bluffland house the hall is enclosed. Structural evidence, family tradition and deduction from known documents indicate that the main part of the house was built no later than the early 1840&#39;s, while additions and changes were made around 1870."</p><br>
<p>It has a central hall with two 18 x rooms on each side, with 9.33 ft high ceilings. There are smaller rooms to the rear and a kitchen ell. The house is clad in milled cypress clapboards.</p><br>
<p>It was built by John Williams for himself and his wife Elizabeth Wooding Williams, who had together moved from Pittsylvania County, Virginia to a 500 acre property in what was then Ouachita Parish, Louisiana in 1828. John later obtained another 500 acres in 1833, after which family tradition is that "slaves were sent with ox-drawn wagons on the twelve-day round trip to Natchez, Mississippi to procure milled timber and lumber to build a more suitable dwelling, which resulted in the present house." Their original log house became a kitchen, which has not survived. Besides being the oldest house in Morehouse Parish, the house is important for its surviving early outbuildings which have survived: a carriage house, a log smoke house, a milk house and a cotton house. In 1976 the house was still owned by a descendent of John Williams.</p><br>
<p>The Rattlesnake Creek Bridge brings a Cuming County, Nebraska county road over Rattlesnake Creek, 2.8 miles northwest of Bancroft. It was built in 1903 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The road was gravel-surfaced in 1992.</p><br>
<p>It is a steel Pratt half-hip pony truss bridge, and the oldest known example of this type designed by the Standard Bridge Company of Omaha and built throughout eastern Nebraska. The bridge is 92 ft long in total, with a single span of 60 ft and a roadway width of 15.7 ft.</p><br>
<p>It was one of 60 new or rebuilt bridges in a bridge-building program started in 1903 by Cuming County. The Standard Bridge Company had an annual contract with Cuming, Wayne, Thurston, Stanton, Dodge and Burt counties and built hundreds of half-hip truss bridges during 1900-1920; this one is the oldest documented example.</p><br>
<p>The Colonel James Loomis House is a historic house at 208-210 Broad Street in Windsor, Connecticut. Built in 1822 for a prominent local family, it is a good local example of Federal architecture executed in brick. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Colonel James Loomis House is located in the village center of Windsor, on the west side of the Broad Street Green, between Poquonock Avenue and Maple Avenue. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building, with a gabled roof. Its street-facing main facade is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the left bay, topped by a half-oval fanlight window. Windows in the other bays are set in rectangular openings, with stone sills and splayed stone lintels. The gable above is fully pedimented, with a half-oval fanlight at the center. Sympathetic modern additions have been made to the right side of the building as part of its conversion to a commercial space.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1822 by James Loomis, who at the time operated the towns only store directly adjacent. Loomis was one of many descendants of Joseph Loomis, one of Windsors first colonial settlers, and his children were instrumental in the founding of The Loomis Chaffee School.</p><br>
<p>The Bossier City Municipal Building, at 630 Barksdale Rd. in Bossier City, Louisiana, was built in 1926. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story brick building which originally included city offices, an auditorium/council chamber, a jail and a fire station. It was converted in the 1980s to be home for the Bossier Arts Council.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by architects Jones, Roessle, Olschner & Wiener with some elements that can be termed Renaissance Revival in style. According to its NRHP nomination, ithas a romantic and evocative style that partakes of the Italian Renaissance and Baroque, although the effect is heavily dependent upon accent features rather than overall design. Despite some admittedly significant alterations over the years, the building retains the bulk of its original exterior character and would be easily recognizable to someone from the historic period. Hence it conveys its identity and historical significance as a “coming of age” for Bossier City. The Municipal Building’s Italian flavor can be seen in its villa-like asymmetrical massing under a low, broadly overhanging roof (originally clay tile) with widely spaced extended brackets. The asymmetry is minimal, but nonetheless convincing when seen from a three-quarter view. Massing takes the form of a large, low-pitch, gable-fronted main block with a one story projection on the east side and a two story projection containing the staircase on the west side. At the rear is a flat roofed fire station wing. The one story addition spanning the western elevation of the main block, behind the staircase “tower,” dates from the historic period. Its brickwork and windows are identical to the original construction. A series of great round arch windows on the second story facade and side elevations light what was originally the council chamber. Five of these windows span the façade. Above them, in the low gable, is a cast stone tablet with classical details identifying the building.</p><br>
<p>The Bossier High School on Colquitt Street in Bossier City in Bossier Parish, Louisiana was built in 1923 and 1928 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It later became known as Bossier City Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>The listed property is a three block area which includes three buildings. The oldest is a two-story brick and stone building designed by architect Edward F. Neild in Classical Revival, built by Caldwell and Co. in 1923. A second contributing building is the similarly styled classroom building built in 1928 in front of the 1923 building. A third, non-contributing building, is a one-story brick gymnasium built in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The complex had a total of 36 classrooms and served all levels of schooling, despite its name suggesting that it would serve high school level only. The town had been growing rapidly, quadrupling in population from 1920 to 1930 and continuing to grow. The school complex was devoted to serving elementary school levels only from 1939 on, when a new high school also named "Bossier High School" and also now NRHP-listed, was built elsewhere in Bossier City.</p><br>
<p>The West Point City Auditorium in West Point in Cuming County, Nebraska was built in 1911. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>It is significant as a local venue for performing arts and community events, financed by local donations and ultimately purchased by the city in 1945.</p><br>
<p>It was mainly designed by architect J.M. Nachtigall and includes elements of Early Commercial and Tudor Revival. The West Point Cadet Band was involved in the design of the auditorium, too, besides being integral to the community funding. It has also been known as City Auditorium and as Nebraskan Theatre.</p><br>
<p>It is a brick clad 120 x building on a raised concrete foundation. It has a wood frame "fly loft" at the rear. The main section of the building has steel trusses and beams. It was modified in 1949 after the city took ownership in 1945.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, a city of West Point webpage indicates that events are now held at the new Nielsen Community Center instead of at the auditorium.</p><br>
<p>The Madison Parish Courthouse, located at the junction of USA Routes 65 and 80 in downtown Tallulah in Madison Parish, Louisiana, was built in 1939. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story stucco-over-masonry Colonial Revival building. Its main part is a five bays wide and has a hip roof. It has an Ionic portico with a lunette in its tympanum. It is topped by a two-stage English Baroque-style cupola with an octagonal lantern with round arch openings and an ogee cap. Side wings with parapets were added later.</p><br>
<p>The building is a local landmark, and has one of only two pedimented porticos in Tallulah.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by architects J.W. Smith & Associates. J.W. Smith also designed two NRHP-listed high schools: Bastrop High School, in Bastrop, Louisiana and Mer Rouge High School in Mer Rouge, Louisiana. It was built by contractor M.T. Reed Construction Co.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stroumboulas or Stroumpoulas , is a mountain in northern Crete, Greece.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mt. Stroumboulas is located approximately 11 km west of Heraklion, stretching in an east to west direction; it can be considered as a north-eastern extension of Mt Ida (Psiloritis). Seen from Heraklion, its easternmost end has a distinct conical shape and is the most prominent peak in the vicinity of Heraklion.</p><br>
<p>Stroumboulas has sparse vegetation consisting mostly of phrygana. A small plateau is formed at its southern fοοt at 450 m, where a small lake with red clay water is formed during winter. Its peak is easily accessible from the north or south slopes after a 45 minutes climb and offers stunning views to almost two thirds of Crete (visible are peaks of Lefka Ori, Kouloukonas, Psiloritis, Asterousia, Juktas and Dikti, the gulf of Heraklion, Dia island, the city of Heraklion, etc.).</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The first written reference to the name Stroumboulas dates back to 1299 in a treaty between the Kallergis family and the Republic of Venice. According to Platakis, the Venetians who were then ruling Crete, named it Stromboli due to its resemblance to the Sicilian Mt. Stromboli. This name was subsequently paraphrased as Stroumboulas. Nevertheless, maps by Basilicata indicate Stroumboulas as monte di San Paulo. Platakis also mentions that its older name was Strogylo (Στρογγυλό, i.e. round).</p><br>
<h2>Tradition and history</h2><br>
<p>A small chapel dedicated to the Holy Cross (Τίμιος Σταυρός) and St. Elias (Προφήτης Ηλίας) is built on the summit. The chapel celebrates on September 14 and July 20 every year and its presence was first confirmed in 1415 by Buondelmonti. In another report dating from 1594, Filippo Pasqualigo described that the locals used to climb up the mountain on the Feast of the Cross in order to attend the Mass, a tradition that has continued until today.</p><br>
<p>During the winter of 1647–48 and before the Siege of Candia started, the Ottoman army was camped at the feet of Stroumboulas near Tylissos. More recently, during the Axis occupation of Greece in WWII, the German army had set an observation outpost on Stroumboulas, which they blew up along with the chapel upon their retreat. The chapel was rebuilt after the war by the people of nearby villages.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Conser House, in or near Heavener, Oklahoma and/or Hodgen, Oklahoma, was built in 1894 and was the home of Peter Conser from then until his death in 1934. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The listing included two contributing buildings on 4 acre.</p><br>
<p>Peter Conser (c.1850-1894) was a Choctaw Nation lawman, the Chief Lighthorseman of the Mosholatubbee District, which is roughly equivalent to being county sheriff in the Choctaw Nation&#39;s system of law and order. He fought in the American Civil War as a Confederate soldier, and came to this area after, building a log house which burned in 1870 or 1875. He later built a second house, and then the present house in 1894 using a door and some rafters from the previous ones.</p><br>
<p>The Neligh Mill Bridge is a truss bridge which brings Elm St. over the Elkhorn River in Neligh in Antelope County, Nebraska. It was built in 1910 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. It has also been known as the Elm Street Bridge and as Elkhorn River Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was damaged by flooding in June 2010. The Antelope County Board of Supervisors voted in April 2011 to remove it, but rescinded this decision in June 2011.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is located near the Neligh Mill, a historic site owned by the Nebraska Historical Society. There once was a wagon bridge on the site which was replaced by a truss bridge in 1884. That was replaced by this bridge in 1910. The bridge is a 140 ft pinned Pratt through truss bridge (140 feet span with 145 feet total length) built by the Western Bridge and Construction Company of Omaha, which had Antelope County&#39;s annual contract for 1910. It is built upon steel cylinder piers.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination states that the Neligh Mill Bridge "is technologically significant as an early, well-preserved example of the pinned Pratt through truss: a mainstay structural type for wagon bridges built throughout Nebraska between the 1880s and the 1920s."</p><br>
<p>The Black Building at 114-118 Broadway in Fargo, North Dakota was a "pivotal" historic resource in the Downtown Fargo District, in the listing of that historic district upon the National Register of Historic Places. In 2016 it was also individually listed on the National Register, as its "owners chose to pursue the honor of individual listing for its architecture and for its association with George Mumford Black and his strategies in commerce and communications. Black had the upper floor of the Art Moderne building designed for WDAY radio and ensured the station signed off each show with “this is WDAY with from the Black Building, Fargo” and he is credited with creating the one-cent sale."</p><br>
<p>The Black Building is in Art Moderne style. At eight stories tall, it was the tallest in the district. "Faced with Indiana limestone, it also deviates from the predominant brick in the district. The Black building was the work of Lang,</p><br>
<p>Raugland, and Lewis of Minneapolis with Ole A. Braseth and S. Marius Houkom, consulting Fargo architects. Oscar Lang (1880-1960) and his partners designed the Art Moderne Greyhound bus depot (1936-7) in Minneapolis, the library at St. Olaf&#39;s College in Northfield, Minnesota, and a series of churches, schools, and commercial buildings in Minnesota.*9 The Black building (#8) may have inspired the Art Moderne refacing and reconstruction by Braseth and Houkom in 1940 of two other buildings on Broadway: (#38) the Gate City Block at 71-3 and (#33) the building at 202-204 in warm cream-colored ashlar."</p><br>
<p>Norman B. Black, a leading North Dakota businessman and newspaper.publisher arrived in North Dakota in 1905, where he became manager of the Grand Forks Herald and the Evening Times, until he purchased the Fargo Forum in 1917. In addition to publishing tne Forum, Black, in 1920, became president of the Minot Daily News. His influence grew through the newspaper business and Black served two terms as president of the North Dakota Press Association. The Black building (#8) at 114-18 Broadway was erected by and named for him."</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased in 2015. There was a municipal bond issue failure associated with the building.</p><br>
<p>Rumicucho or Pucara de Rumicucho is an archaeological site of the Inca Empire in the parroquia of San Antonio de Pichincha, in Quito Canton, Pichincha Province. Ecuador. Rumicucho is a pucara  located 23 km in a straight-line distance north of the city of Quito at an elevation of 2,401 m. Rumicucho in the Quechua language means "stone corner", perhaps referring to its strategic location between the territory of the Yumbo people to the east and the chiefdoms of the Pais Caranqui to the north.</p><br>
<p>The Incas probably built Rumicucho between 1480 and 1500 and ruled this area until the Spanish conquest in the 1530s.</p><br>
<p>Rumicucho has also been called Lulumbamba (fertile plain), a reference to the valley to its west, now mostly urbanized but formerly intensely cultivated. Rumicucho is a popular site for tourists to visit.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Rumicucho is one of more than 100 known pucaras in northern Ecuador, far more than in any other region of the Inca Empire which indicates the severity of the resistance by the local people to the advance northward by the Incas. Many of the pucaras were built by the Indigenous people long before the Inca Empire. The Incas established or strengthened existing pucaras as bases to conquer the chiefdoms of the Pais Caranqui of whom the Cayambe may have been the most powerful. The Inca war against the Pais Caranqui lasted for years, possibly two or three decades. The Inca conquest of northern Ecuador was not completed until the early 16th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site occupies an area 380 m long and 75 m wide. The site was probably occupied by pre-Inca cultures, with the Incas adding their customary styles to the existing buildings and walls.</p><br>
<p>Unlike many pucaras Rumicucho is not on a high point of the landscape, but rather is located on a small hill. Its setting identifies it as a crossroads as well as being a fortress.</p><br>
<p>Rumicucho is one of the few pucaras in Ecuador where a substantial amount of Inca material has been found, including domestic items such as cloth, ceramic pots for making Chicha, the fermented Inca drink, implements made of camelid bone, seashells, and metal objects. Rumicucho was a multi-functional base for residence and ceremonies and control of transit and trade as well as defense.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological site consists of 5 terraces stair-stepping up the hill, each with its own particular purpose. The first and second terraces were used for rituals and feasts; the third terrace was for ceremonies, and terraces one and two were probably used for housing and workshops.</p><br>
<p>Rumicucho was also probably used for astronomy and to observe solar events. It is about 1 km from the equator and lines up precisely with the snow-capped volcanoes Cayambe 50 km east and Cotopaxi, 80 km to the south, suggesting that it was a sacred site. The Incas and pre-Inca peoples had an extensive knowledge of astronomy and often located their installations in places appropriate for observations of solar events, including the equatorial solstice, which they called "the day when man has no shadow."</p><br>
<p>Maryborough Boys Grammar School Building is a heritage-listed school building at Kent Street, Maryborough, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Richard Hall and built in 1881 by H Taylor. It is also known as Adult Education Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Maryborough Boys Grammar School was constructed in 1881 to the design of Brisbane architect, John Hall.</p><br>
<p>The passing of the Grammar School Act of 1860 provided that any Queensland town which could raise £1000 was entitled to the equivalent amount from the Queensland Government to support construction of a grammar school within the town. In February 1871 the desirability of establishing a grammar school in Maryborough was discussed by local gentlemen at the Maryborough School or Arts. The Maryborough Municipal Council supported the plan and agreed to provide the land from an existing council reserve. In March 1871 a public meeting in Maryborough chaired by the Mayor of Maryborough enthusiastically supported the establishment of a grammar school and established a committee to raise the £1000 which would then be matched £2000 contributed by the Queensland Government to construct the school, noting that £420 had already been promised prior to the meeting. In November 1871, the Queensland Government officially reserved 7 acres 3 roods 22 perches of land for the grammar school, the block bounded by Kent Street, John Street, Sussex Street and Fort Street. However, the raising of the funding made little progress after the initial enthusiasm and in February 1876 the land reserve was cancelled by the Queensland Government. In February 1877, the Queensland Premier George Thorn indicated that another portion of land would be made available if the grammar school proposal were to proceed, expressing his astonishment that a grammar school had not yet been established in Maryborough. These remarks led to a renewed effort by leading citizens to establish a grammar school resulting in over £900 being subscribed by April 1878 and £1340 by July 1878.</p><br>
<p>The trustees for the school were officially appointed in February 1879 by the Queensland Government. They were Henry Jardine Gray, Tom Penny, John Purser, William Walker, the Hon. Alfred Henry Brown, Robert Hart, and Richard Matthews Hyne. The trustees decided to close the building fund at £1500 which would enable them to obtain £3000 from the Queensland Government with the expectation that the building would cost £4000 leaving £500 for contingencies. A design competition for the school building was announced in June 1879 with prizes for the best and second best design to meet the following specifications:</p><br>
<p>In parallel to the design issues, in August 1879, the question of whether the school would accept both boys and girls or just boys arose. In November 1879, concerns were raised that the proposed location near the Ululah Lagoon was too far from the town and close to a pub with a site in Kent Street near the original land reserve being preferred. Concerns were also raised that students would be unable to resist bathing, fishing and boating on the lagoon leading to drownings and that the "vapory exhalations and malarious gases" rising from the lagoon would worsen the health of students with respiratory problems.</p><br>
<p>On 6 March 1880, the trustees called for tenders based on John Hall&#39;s design, although the site was still not decided. A public meeting on 10 March voted 26 to 17 (with many abstaining) against the Ululah site and this was communicated to the Queensland Minister for Education. Although there had been the intention to vote on the motion in favour of requesting the Queensland Government to give them the 10 acre site bounded by Sussex Street, Ferry Street and Kent Street, which was adjacent to the original site (on which the Maryborough Central State School had been built), the meeting degenerated into disarray and the motion was not put. However a subsequent meeting on 22 March 1880 carried the motion in favour of the "Kent Street site" as it had become known; this was also communicated to the Queensland Minister for Education.</p><br>
<p>On 16 April 1880 the trustees decided to call for a fresh set of tenders for construction of the school, hoping that the site would have been decided before the tenders were assessed on 8 May. However, the Minister for Education, Arthur Hunter Palmer, was reluctant to make a decision given the disagreement within the community and among the trustees and asked the trustees to establish the majority view of those who had contributed over £5 to the building fund. At the tender deadline of 8 May, the site was still undecided, so the tender date was postponed to 15 May.</p><br>
<p>Despite having neither a site nor a contractor, the trustees nonetheless announced that the Maryborough Grammar School would open in February 1881 and that they would be advertising for a resident head master (salary £500 per annum), a non-resident second master (£400 p.a.), a non-resident third master (£300 p.a) and a "lady principal" (£300 per annum). Although the proposed appointment of the lady principal suggests the trustees intention to offer education to girls as well as boys, there was in parallel a proposal to use any surplus funds towards establishing a girls grammar school.</p><br>
<p>On 18 June 1880 the trustees accepted a tender from builder H Taylor but still had no site for the school. On 10 July 1880 the ten acre site on Kent Street (adjacent to the Maryborough Central State School) was gazetted by the Queensland Government. Finally the construction of the school commenced.</p><br>
<p>In early December 1880, the trustees advertised the positions of head master and second master with applications to close at the end of February 1881. In February 1881, the trustees commenced advertising for the "lady principal" for the Girls Grammar School. In early March the trustees commenced their assessment of the 130 applications for the masters positions, resulting in the appointment of James Murdoch, Professor of Greek at Aberdeen University, as headmaster and Arthur Hughes (Bachelor of Arts from Cambridge University) as second master.</p><br>
<p>In April 1881, it was announced that the subscriptions for the Girls Grammar School had reached £1000 so that application could be made to the Queensland Government for their subsidy towards the construction of the girls school. By July 1881, plans for the girls&#39; building were submitted for approval. The lady principal, Miss Budget, travelled from Melbourne via Sydney to Maryborough arriving in early August, followed by head master Prof Murdoch and family. Murdoch almost immediately left for Brisbane to consult with Reginald Heber Roe, the principal at Brisbane Grammar School.</p><br>
<p>In June 1881, it was announced that Maryborough Grammar School would open on 5 September 1881. In August 1881, it was confirmed that both boys and girls could be enrolled and, although the school was not built with a boarding facility, that boarding arrangements were in place "under the immediate supervision of the school". As announced, the school opened on 5 September 1881 with little ceremony, with only a short speech by the chairman of the trustees and a few words from Prof Murdoch to some assembled citizens and the 50 initial students (24 boys and 26 girls).</p><br>
<p>In September 1881, a piece of land 4 acres 15 perches was reserved as the site for the girls school. The girls school was directly across Kent Street from the boys&#39; school. In October 1881, the Queensland Government gave its approval of the plans so building work could commence and two new "lady teachers" recruited.</p><br>
<p>The building is now used as a Technical College and College of Advanced Education.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Maryborough Boys Grammar School building is a substantial two storeyed, symmetrically arranged building sited on the rise of a large allotment on the western outskirts of the present central business area of Maryborough.</p><br>
<p>The building is a well-composed example of high Victorian Gothic, with architectural language of pointed arched windows, steeply pitched gabled roofs, decorative brickwork and picturesque massing and siting.</p><br>
<p>The Grammar School is symmetrically composed and faces the former Maryborough Girls&#39; Grammar School which was on the opposite side of Kent Street. The building comprises two steeply pitched gabled roofed bays linked by a central bay with hipped roof. The construction is load bearing red face brick with rendered quoining and detailing. The roof of the building is clad with recent corrugated iron. Penetrating the eaves of the roofs of the end bays are large central gabled projections shading openings surmounted by pointed arched decorative panels. These elements are flanked by groups of three smaller gables also with pointed arched openings. The building features one-storeyed verandahs, with skillion awnings supported on timber columns linked by a substantial scalloped valance of vertical timber boarding with decorative cut outs.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the building&#39;s completion, local opinion was not in favour of its design. The local newspaper, the Maryborough Chronicle, praised the spacious dimensions of the classrooms and large lecture room, but criticised the overly small windows describing them as "jail windows" and disliked almost all aspects of the external appearance (using words such as "freak", "ponderous", "excrescences", "ugliness", "lopsided" and "promiscuousness") and suggested the overall architectural style was "Modern Chaotic", which the newspaper attributed to the amount of interference in the design process. The excellent view from the upper windows into the interior of the water closets in an outhouse building was also noted.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Maryborough Boys Grammar School Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Boys Grammar School demonstrates the growth of Maryborough in the 1870s and 1880s when the town was large enough to raise sufficient funding to erect a substantial Grammar School, second only to that in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is an accomplished example of the nineteenth century architectural style, Gothic Revival, as applied to an academic building. The steeply pitched roofs; siting; Gothic detailing including pointed arched openings and polychrome masonry detailing; and massing of the building contribute to Gothic Revival styling. The building is characteristic of Grammar Schools throughout Queensland constructed in this style.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is of architectural merit as a well-composed and interesting example of a Gothic Revival structure, adapted to the sub tropical Maryborough climate and well sited. The building is a landmark in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with the town as a place of public education since the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a good and intact example of the work of Brisbane architect, John Hall, the building has special associations with him.</p><br>
<p>The George G. Loomis House is a historic house at 1003 Windsor Avenue in Windsor, Connecticut. Built about 1856, it is a good local example of transitional Greek Revival-Italianate architecture executed in brick. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The George G. Loomis House stands in southern Windsor, on the west side of Windsor Avenue (Connecticut Route 159) at its junction with Giddings Avenue. Windsor Avenue is the area&#39;s major north-south route through town, and Giddings Avenue is residential. The house is two stories in height, with a flat roof and brick walls. It is three bays wide and two deep, with the main entrance in the rightmost front bay, sheltered by a small portico with turned posts. Windows are set in rectangular openings with stone sills and lintels; the first-floor front windows are elongated in the Greek Revival style. On the sides, there are small windows at the attic level, and a projecting window bay occupies one bay on the left side. A two-story ell extends to the rear, with an enclosed porch attached to its south side.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1856 for George Gilbert Loomis, and is a good example of the transition between the Greek Revival and Italianate. Loomis was a farmer who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Creaser Building, at 224 Main St. in Williston in Williams County, North Dakota, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>It was built during 1915-16 by the First National Bank, and it became known as the Creaser Building as its first floor was occupied by the Creaser Drug Store from 1915 to 1940. Its National Register application asserts it is "an excellent example of early 20th century commercial style." It has also been known as Cooks on Main, as Judys Cupboard, as Colonial Shop, as JB Lyon Womens Wear Clothing, and as First National Building.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story brick and glass building on a full concrete basement on a corner lot. It is 96.5 x in plan with storefronts along the full east-west and north-south facades, with rentable space above. Its first floor has a 14 ft-high wood grid ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s most distinctive feature is its contrasting dark red and blond running bond brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The Gordon Loomis House is a historic house at 1021 Windsor Avenue in Windsor, Connecticut. Built in 1835, it is a good local example of transitional Federal-Greek Revival architecture executed in brick. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gordon Loomis House is located in southern Windsor, on the west side of Windsor Avenue between Giddings Avenue and Ludlow Road. Windsor Avenue, designated Connecticut Route 159, is the town&#39;s major north-south road, paralleling the Connecticut River. The house is 2-1/2 stories in height, with brick walls and a front-facing gabled roof. The roof is pierced by two brick chimneys; it originally had four that were symmetrically placed. The main facade is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the leftmost bay, topped by a transom window. Windows are set in rectangular openings, with stone sills and lintels. An entablature encircles the house, and the front gable is fully pedimented, with a half-oval window at its center. A bay window one story in height projects from the south side. A brick ell extends to the west, with a wood-frame addition extending even further.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1834 for Gordon Loomis, a farmer, on land given him by his father. It is one of a series of period brick houses in the area, built using bricks manufactured in local brickyards.</p><br>
<p>The Chapman House is a National Historic Site of Canada located on Mount Whatley Road in Fort Lawrence, Nova Scotia consisting of a Georgian style brick house and the lot on which it sits.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two storey house built in the Georgian style of the eighteenth century, typical of many maritime farmhouses from that period. The house was built atop of a knoll, and overlooks the Amherst Marsh along with the LaPlanche River. The house was built from around 1775 to around 1780 by Charles Dixon and William Chapman Jr. for Major Thomas Chapman. After Thomas died his son William lived in the house.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Chapman was one of several pre-Loyalist Yorkish immigrants to this area in the 1770s, and had this house built to farm the fertile marshes and dyke lands already developed by the Acadians. The house is now owned by George and Marilyn Carter (since 1971), who are distant relatives of the original Chapmans. The Chapman House is full of war souvenirs because of the family&#39;s military history. Souvenirs from the American Revolutionary War, Crimean War and both World Wars are kept inside the house.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Site Designation</h2><br>
<p>The official National Historic Site of Canada refers to the house and also the lot on which it is built, which also includes a cairn and plaque for the house. Chapman House was designated a National Historic Site of Canada on the 21st of November, 1968 because it preserves the typical basic form and detail of a prosperous 18th century farmhouse. However, many at the time did not feel it deserved a plaque as it was in a state of relative disrepair after being in the care of a widower and his son who kept a large flock of geese on the property. Chapman House is also one of the few remaining pre-Loyalist brick houses, and possibly the oldest in Cumberland County.</p><br>
<p>The house has a gable roof, and was originally rectangular until an addition was built more recently. Hovever, some features of the house are more peculiar. A gable wall on the South end rises up to form a chimney, a style reminiscent of Northern England & Scotland, likely an ode to their previous home in Yorkshire.</p><br>
<h2>Structure & Style</h2><br>
<p>Chapman House is built of red bricks made from locally sourced marsh clay. The bricks are laid in a Flemish bond, a style which was very popular at the time. Above the doors and windows, the frame is made of local Wallace sandstone, which was also used in the construction of the Canadian Parliament Buildings. On the front door there is an ornate door knocker detailed with an Acanthus leaf, a very popular Georgian ornamental decoration. Above the windows, there are embrasures for defending the house used during the Seven Years&#39; War and the siege of nearby Fort Cumberland by rebels. It is debated whether the house was used by the rebels or the crown militia in the Eddy Rebellion. Something less typical, however, is the lack of symmetry in the chimneys. One notices that they are equally spaced on either side of the building, yet they are drastically different sizes.</p><br>
<p>The Ira Loomis Jr. House is a historic house at 1053 Windsor Avenue in Windsor, Connecticut. Built in 1833, it is a good local example of transitional Federal-Greek Revival architecture executed in brick. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ira Loomis Jr. House is located in southern Windsor, on the west side of Windsor Avenue, between Giddings Avenue and Ludlow Road. It is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, with a front-facing gabled roof. There are two brick chimneys remaining of four that were originally symmetrically placed. The main facade is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the leftmost bay, framed by sidelight and transom windows. That bay is sheltered by a Victorian-era porch that extends far beyond the building to the south, with turned posts and a gable with a lattice and fan motif. Windows are set in rectangular openings, with stone sills and lintels. The main gable is fully pedimented, with a Federal style fanlight at the center. A single-story brick ell extends to the rear of the building, with a gabled porch over a secondary entrance.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1833 for Ira Loomis Jr. by his father. Ira Loomis Sr. was a farmer and brickmaker, who also built a similar house nearby for his son Gordon.</p><br>
<p>Terry House, on Terry Hill in Poteau in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, also known as Woodson House, was built in 1913. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The house is prominently visible from afar upon a hill and itself has views over a plain and to the Arkansas Mountains.</p><br>
<p>It is a three-story building upon a full basement and is constructed of mitered red brick from Coffeyville, Kansas. It has a hipped roof broken by three pedimented dormers and two main chimneys. The front center of the building has six two-story hollow wood Corinthian columns supporting an entablature, with a balcony with balustrade at its second floor level. The central porch is flanked by almost-circular porches two stories tall running from basement level through first floor level.</p><br>
<p>The house was started in 1913 "by an eccentric banker, George W. Terry, who came to the area</p><br>
<p>shortly after statehood", but who died in 1918 with the building not complete. A baker named Pemberton bought the house in 1926 and completed chimneys and ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The Tucker School was a three-room schoolhouse built in 1937 as a Works Progress Administration project in a rural area outside of Spiro in LeFlore County, Oklahoma. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story L-shaped stone building, with main part 69 x and an 11 x extension. It has a stepped gable roof with intersecting gables. Its front entrance is behind an arch. Its design was from an Oklahoma State Department of Education pattern book. Its NRHP nomination notes that itis an excellent example of a three room structure that has been preserved without alteration over the years. Within the rural community of which it is a part, the building is unique architecturally in terms of type, style, scale, materials and workmanship. That construction of it also provided work for laborers long on relief rolls, giving them economic security and self esteem, makes it especially significant, as too does the fact that the building provided an impetus for modern education in a rather remote and isolated area.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Wenatchee Historic District, located in Wenatchee, Washington, is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing Properties</h2><br>
<p>The historical district contains a total of 57 contributing properties, built between 1902 and 1955:</p><br>
<p>Old Stone Warehouse Building, 29 North Columbia Street, 47.42624&deg; latitude, -120.31097&deg; longitude, built c. 1906</p><br>
<p>Dow Fruit Company, 101 South Columbia Street, 47.42365&deg; latitude, -120.30875&deg; longitude, built c. 1920</p><br>
<p>Wells and Wade, 231 South Columbia Street, 47.42184&deg; latitude, -120.30739&deg; longitude, built 1928</p><br>
<p>Eagle Transfer, 234 South Columbia Street, 47.42142&deg; latitude, -120.30767&deg; longitude, built 1922</p><br>
<p>Wells and Wade Machine Works Shop, 200-204 South Columbia Street, 47.42232&deg; latitude, -120.30842&deg; longitude, built c. 1948</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Cold Storage, 138 South Columbia Street, 47.42272&deg; latitude, -120.30874&deg; longitude, built 1925</p><br>
<p>Wenatchee Cold Storage, also known as Wells and Wade Hardware, 122 South Columbia Street, 47.423&deg; latitude, -120.30893&deg; longitude, built c. 1940s</p><br>
<p>Pybus, 3 Orondo Avenue, 47.42354&deg; latitude, -120.30933&deg; longitude, built c. 1918</p><br>
<p>Holland Machine Shop, formerly part of Pybus, 5 Orondo Avenue, 47.42345&deg; latitude, -120.30954&deg; longitude, built c. 1921</p><br>
<p>Building at 13 Orondo Avenue, 47.42338&deg; latitude, -120.30972&deg; longitude, built c. 1928</p><br>
<p>Building at 12 South Columbia Street, 47.42457&deg; latitude, -120.31028&deg; longitude, built c. 1909</p><br>
<p>Fruit Growers Service Building, 10 South Columbia Street, 47.42468&deg; latitude, -120.31034&deg; longitude, built c. 1926</p><br>
<p>Coca-Cola Company Building, now hosting the North Central Regional Library, 16 North Columbia Street, 47.42553&deg; latitude, -120.31105&deg; longitude, built 1939</p><br>
<p>Central Building, 25 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.4258&deg; latitude, -120.3119&deg; longitude, built 1912</p><br>
<p>Weister Building, 21 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42556&deg; latitude, -120.31173&deg; longitude, built 1906</p><br>
<p>J.S. Mooney Building, 19 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42544&deg; latitude, -120.31163&deg; longitude, built 1906</p><br>
<p>Public Farmers Market, 9 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42514&deg; latitude, -120.31137&deg; longitude, built 1922</p><br>
<p>Doneen Building, 5 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.425&deg; latitude, -120.31127&deg; longitude, built 1929</p><br>
<p>Wenatchee Federal Savings & Loan, 5 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42467&deg; latitude, -120.311&deg; longitude, built 1926</p><br>
<p>Rialto Theatre, 7 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42455&deg; latitude, -120.31092&deg; longitude, built 1921</p><br>
<p>Building at 9 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42447&deg; latitude, -120.31082&deg; longitude, built 1922</p><br>
<p>Wells Morris Hardware, 13 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42438&deg; latitude, -120.31075&deg; longitude, built c. 1902</p><br>
<p>Building at 15-17 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42428&deg; latitude, -120.31069&deg; longitude, built 1920</p><br>
<p>Morris Hardware, 21 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42415&deg; latitude, -120.31067&deg; longitude, built 1920</p><br>
<p>Morris Hardware, 23 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42409&deg; latitude, -120.31051&deg; longitude, built c. 1910</p><br>
<p>Halbert Block, 29 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42389&deg; latitude, -120.31041&deg; longitude, built 1910</p><br>
<p>Wenatchee Hotel Building, 107 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.4233&deg; latitude, -120.30994&deg; longitude, built 1910</p><br>
<p>Montgomery Ward, 123 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42293&deg; latitude, -120.30961&deg; longitude, built 1929</p><br>
<p>Northwestern Fruit Exchange, also known as Midway Motors, 131 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42253&deg; latitude, -120.30926&deg; longitude, built 1913</p><br>
<p>Wells & Wade Hardware Building #1, 201 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.422&deg; latitude, -120.30883&deg; longitude, built 1920</p><br>
<p>Wells & Wade Building #2, 221 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42169&deg; latitude, -120.3086&deg; longitude, built 1925</p><br>
<p>Wells & Wade Building #3, 223 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42157&deg; latitude, -120.3085&deg; longitude, built 1925</p><br>
<p>Wells & Wade Building #4, 225 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42145&deg; latitude, -120.3084&deg; longitude, built 1925</p><br>
<p>Columbia Brewing Company, 14 Kittitas Street, 47.42128&deg; latitude, -120.3081&deg; longitude, built c. 1928</p><br>
<p>Old City Jail Building, 238 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42102&deg; latitude, -120.30915&deg; longitude, built 1910</p><br>
<p>Wenatchee Cycle Building, 224 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42127&deg; latitude, -120.30917&deg; longitude, built 1929</p><br>
<p>B.A. Thayer Building, 222 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42134&deg; latitude, -120.30924&deg; longitude, built 1925</p><br>
<p>B.A. Thayer Building, 220 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42141&deg; latitude, -120.30933&deg; longitude, built 1925</p><br>
<p>Warren Building, 200-204 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.4219&deg; latitude, -120.3097&deg; longitude, built 1920</p><br>
<p>Seattle First Bank Building, now hosting Washington Federal Bank, 30 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42357&deg; latitude, -120.31097&deg; longitude, built 1955</p><br>
<p>S.H. Kress Building, 22 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42381&deg; latitude, -120.31125&deg; longitude, built 1929</p><br>
<p>Building at 16 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42407&deg; latitude, -120.31146&deg; longitude, built 1922</p><br>
<p>Building at 12 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42413&deg; latitude, -120.31151&deg; longitude, built 1926</p><br>
<p>Mills Brothers Building, 10 South Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42421&deg; latitude, -120.31156&deg; longitude, built 1906</p><br>
<p>Fuller Quigg Building, 103 Palouse Street, 47.42435&deg; latitude, -120.31171&deg; longitude, built 1913</p><br>
<p>Olympia Hotel Building, 2 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.4247&deg; latitude, -120.31196&deg; longitude, built 1908</p><br>
<p>O.B. Fuller Building, 10 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42491&deg; latitude, -120.31211&deg; longitude, built 1909</p><br>
<p>Ellis Forde Building, 14 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42503&deg; latitude, -120.31222&deg; longitude, built 1905</p><br>
<p>Classen Drugs, 18 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42518&deg; latitude, -120.31222&deg; longitude, built 1908</p><br>
<p>Cascadian Hotel, 102 North Wenatchee Avenue, 47.42597&deg; latitude, -120.31301&deg; longitude, built 1929</p><br>
<p>Bennet&#39;s Cascadian Garage, 33-35 North Mission Street, 47.4254&deg; latitude, -120.31321&deg; longitude, built 1927</p><br>
<p>Liberty Theatre, 1 South Mission Street, 47.42405&deg; latitude, -120.31219&deg; longitude, built 1920</p><br>
<p>Eagles Lodge Building, 13-15 South Mission Street, 47.4239&deg; latitude, -120.31197&deg; longitude, built 1927</p><br>
<p>World Hotel, 23 South Mission Street, 47.4236&deg; latitude, -120.31177&deg; longitude, built 1910</p><br>
<p>Garland Building, 111 Orondo Avenue, 47.42295&deg; latitude, -120.31097&deg; longitude, built 1922</p><br>
<p>Old Post Office Building, now hosting the Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center, 127 South Mission Street, 47.42247&deg; latitude, -120.31081&deg; longitude, built 1938, also individually listed as USA Post Office and Annex</p><br>
<p>Old Post Office Annex, 127 South Mission Street, 47.42205&deg; latitude, -120.31056&deg; longitude, built 1918, also individually listed as USA Post Office and Annex</p><br>
<p>The Robert and Esther Armstrong House, also known as Pleasant Hill, is a historic building located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States. This is the last of two documented houses that regionalist artist Grant Wood designed in its entirety in the city. There are 14 documented houses that he designed, at least in part, between 1925 and 1933. He took on the work to help support himself and his mother. Like his artwork, his house designs evolved from more classical styles to the more simpler lines of vernacular forms. In addition, he used local materials to construct the house, including the exterior limestone quarried at Stone City for this house. In addition, Esther Armstrong, local builder Bruce McKay and Wood scoured the countryside looking for design ideas. They settled on two Pennsylvania-style fieldstone structures, from which Wood designed this home. He also served as interior decorator as well. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The William and Sue Damour House is a historic house located at 1844 Second Avenue SE in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1917, this 2½-story, brick Georgian Revival structure was built by local contractor John Henry Cail. The house features a side gable roof with flanking chimneys and three gable dormers, a symmetrical facade, and a two story solarium. A detached two-car car garage, built in 1926, sits behind the house. Located in the Wellington Heights neighborhood of Cedar Rapids, it is similar in size and construction to the other houses in this residential area.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 16, 1997 with the garage, deemed to be a second contributing building in the listing.</p><br>
<p>Grandview Terrace Boulevard is a historic district encompassing a small well-preserved early 20th-century neighborhood in Hartford, Connecticut. It extends along Grandview Terrace in southwestern Hartford, between White and Linnmoore Streets, and includes a series of high-quality homes built mainly between 1910 and 1925. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Grandview Terrace is a residential road in southwestern Hartford, extending from Henry Street in the north to Linnmoore Street in the south. Its southernmost block is unusual in the city for its boulevarded nature, with a central tree-lined median. It was laid out as part of a larger subdivision in 1900, with larger lot sizes than the rest of the development. No development took place until 1910, when the first building permits were issued. Most of the seventeen houses on the block were built between then and 1925, with outbuildings such as garages generally being added at a later date.</p><br>
<p>Most of the houses in the district are of wood frame construction, and are in styles popular at the time. There is one house in brick, and another in stucco. The single most numerous style in the district is the American Foursquare, with six examples. There are two Bungalow-style houses, with the balance of houses in various revival styles. Most of the garages were added in the 1940s, although there is one built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The George B. Douglas House, also known as Turner Mortuary East, is a historic building located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States. The house was built for Douglas who was a partner in a cereal mill that became the Quaker Oats Company. David Turner bought the property in 1924 and converted the house into a funeral home. He was a patron of regionalist artist Grant Wood, and Turner leased the carriage house to him from 1924 to 1933. Wood used it as his residence, along with his mother, and as a studio. It was here at #5 Turner Alley that he painted two of his most famous paintings, American Gothic  and Stone City . Wood also worked as a decorator when he lived here and designed the interior of the main house when it was converted into a funeral home. His work included two stained glass windows that flank the main entrance. Several Wood paintings also hung in the funeral home.</p><br>
<p>The house is a 2½-story, brick Georgian Revival structure. It features a symmetrical facade and a hipped roof with three gable dormers. The symmetry, however, was undone by the addition built onto the northeast side. It was designed by local architect Bruce McKay and Grant Wood. Wood is thought to have designed the bay window for the first-floor chapel. Other additions were built onto the back of the structure. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Hartford Electric Light Company Maple Avenue Sub-Station is a historic industrial and commercial building at 686 Maple Avenue in Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1926, it is a fine example of Classical Revival architecture designed by noted local architects, and a reminder of the history of the area&#39;s electrification. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, and has been converted into commercial use.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Maple Avenue substation of the Hartford Electric Light Company stands in southern Hartfords Barry Square area, on the east side of Maple Avenue between Adelaide and Barker Streets. It is a single-story brick building, shaped in a rough parallelogram to accommodate Maple Avenues diagonal traversal of the city street grid. Its walls are buff brick laid in common bond, and it has a five-bay front facade, articulated by projecting brick pilasters with papyrus-leaf capitals. A double-leaf door in the southernmost bay provides entry to the building, sheltered by a metal hip-roofed hood. The front facade is crowned by a stepped parapet, in which the building&#39;s original name and function are incised.</p><br>
<p>The Hartford Electric Light Company (HELCO, later merged into Connecticut Light & Power and now part of Eversource Energy) was founded in 1881, primarily to serve large industrial customers. Its service expanded, and this distribution substation was built in 1926 as part of a push to expand service more broadly into southern Hartford. The station was designed by Frank Whiton and John McMahon, Hartford-based architects. The pair designed an eclectic example of Classical Revival architecture for an otherwise utilitarian structure.</p><br>
<p>777 Main Street  is a historic commercial skyscraper in Downtown Hartford, Connecticut. Built in 1967, it is a prominent local example of Mid-Century Modern architecture, designed by Welton Becket. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014, and has been converted into mainly residential use.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>777 Main Street occupies a prominent position in the heart of downtown Hartford, facing the Old State House across Main Street. It occupies most of the city block between Pearl and Asylum Streets. It is 354 ft in height, with 26 stories. It is built out of concrete and steel, with its facades dominated by about 2000 precast window modules. The walls are supported at the corners by L-shaped steel beams, with steel girder across the main facade above the second level to support the upper level walls. The main lobby entrance is recessed under this, and consists of glass walls supported by bronzed steel mullions.</p><br>
<p>The Hartford National Bank and Trust Company was one of the states largest banks when it was convinced by city planners in the 1960s to become part of a major urban renewal project centered around Hartfords Constitution Square, the location of the Old State House. The company committed a $14 million investment to the project, and had this tower built. It was designed by Los Angeles architect Welton Becket. Becket was involved in the city&#39;s planning processes, and the builder, George Fuller, was responsible for construction of the nearby Phoenix Life Insurance Company Building, a local Modernist landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Sarah Lowe Stedman House is a private house located at 632 Grand Street in Allegan, Michigan. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sarah Lowe Stedman House is located on a tract of land first purchased by James Lowe in 1834. In 1857, Sarah Lowe Stedman constructed this house on the property. In 1898, local attorney and circuit court judge Philip Padgham purchased the house and enlarged it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sarah Lowe Stedman House is a two-story L-shaped brick Italianate house on a masonry foundation. It has a low-pitched hipped roof and tall windows with segmental-arch window caps. It has a pair of entry porches and bay windows on two sides. The ell portion was added in 1898.</p><br>
<p>The Gulf of Tribugá  is a gulf on the Pacific coast of Colombia. It contains exuberant mangroves.</p><br>
<p>The bay is a spawning ground for humpback whales.</p><br>
<p>Tourist attractions include diving and watching whales and turtles.</p><br>
<p>There are plans to build a major deep-water port at the village of Tribugá in the main river estuary.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Gulf of Tribugá is on the Pacific Coast of Colombia in the Chocó Department.</p><br>
<p>It may be reached by sea from the port of Buenaventura or by air to the municipality of Nuquí.</p><br>
<p>The Utría National Natural Park is to the north of the gulf.</p><br>
<p>Cabo Corrientes is at the southern end.</p><br>
<p>The municipality of Nuquí, with a population of 7,000, is in the center of the gulf and has an airport, hospital, high school and commercial infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>There is an indigenous community of Emberá people in the basins of the Valle, Nuquí, Jurubidá, Panguí rivers.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The climate is humid tropical forest, with average temperatures of 28 &deg;C.</p><br>
<p>There is high rainfall, with least rain in January and February.</p><br>
<p>The Esmeraldes-Pacific Colombia mangroves are found along the coasts of Columbia and Ecuador from the Gulf of Tribugá in the north to Mompiche Bay in the south.</p><br>
<p>Core samples have shown that in the south of the gulf dominant populations of Rhizophora mangroves have been relatively stable for the last 4,500 years.</p><br>
<p>In recent years abundant Acrostichum aureum have appeared, probably introduced by humans.</p><br>
<p>In one area of the northern gulf there have been populations of Pelliciera rhizophorae for about 2,600 years, but in another area the mangroves are from recent colonization.</p><br>
<p>Land animals include bats, marsupials, anteaters, sloths, jaguars, pumas, otters, coatis, bush dogs, snakes, poison frogs and iguanas.</p><br>
<p>There are 270 species of birds including harpy eagles and herons.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>The gulf has pristine beaches and exuberant mangroves.</p><br>
<p>It is suitable for diving, best in March through August.</p><br>
<p>There is a rocky sea bed, small corals, large schools of fish, and great diversity and color.</p><br>
<p>Humpback whales use Utría Cove to give birth from August to October.</p><br>
<p>From August to November loggerhead sea turtle and hawksbill sea turtle spawn on the San Pichí, Blanca and Guachalito beaches.</p><br>
<h2>Planned port</h2><br>
<p>There have been discussions over building a major port in the gulf, the Puerto de Tribugá.</p><br>
<p>The deep water port would provide improved transport to Asia, bypassing the Panama canal.</p><br>
<p>The route from Medellín to Tribugá via Quibdó is much shorter than the route to Buenaventura in the south.</p><br>
<p>Tribugá has an access channel of just 2.5 km that can be dredged to over 20 m deep.</p><br>
<p>There are no sediment problems and space for docks and long-term port developments.</p><br>
<p>The port would have docks 3,600 m, covering 300 hectare, a 3,000 m straight access channel with an initial depth of 15 m and a final depth of 20 m, and 250 hectare of land for the port.</p><br>
<p>In July 2014 it was reported that there was an informal commitment by the ICCO Group to start construction in 2016, if the project were approved.</p><br>
<p>ICCO Group had said they were interested in participating in market and environmental impact studies.</p><br>
<p>If there were no delays, the studies would be completed by December 2015, followed by granting of the environmental license and then construction.</p><br>
<p>An access railway from Quibdó to Nuquí and Tribugá would also require environmental studies, but these should proceed faster, so the railway could be built in time for transport of materials to the port during construction. The Ministry of Transport had already endorsed the 75 km railroad project.</p><br>
<p>Nakazawahama Shell Midden is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the city of Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The rocky ria coast of Iwate Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period, and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish, fish, animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts, including earthenware shards, fishing hooks, etc.</p><br>
<p>The Nakzawahama Shell Midden is located near the tip of Hirota Peninsula at the western slope of Omoriyama mountain, at an elevation of between five and twenty meters from the present-day coastline. A preliminary survey was conducted in 1907-1908, at which time 23 sets of human remains were also discovered. A more comprehensive excavation was conducted in 1924; however the site did not receive protection until it was designated as a national historic site in 1934.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts discovered include earthenware, stoneware, animal bone ware and jar coffins from the early to late Jomon period through the Yayoi period. Further excavation conducted by Rikuzentakata City Board of Education in 1984, 1986, and 1988, uncovered a total of 18 more human skeletons.</p><br>
<p>The Charles W. and Nellie Perkins House is a historic building located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States. This 2½-story, wood-frame, Queen Anne was designed by local architect Charles A. Dieman. Dieman himself lived in the same middle and upper class neighborhood. The house was completed in 1897 for Charles Perkins, who had worked as a cashier in a couple of life insurance companies. By 1928 the house had been converted into an eight-plex. Prominent features include the 2½-story corner tower with a conical roof, the large brick chimney on the main facade, the front porch with round-arched brick columns, the hip roof with dormers of various sizes, the bracketed eaves, the Palladian window and bay window on the east elevation, as well as the oval and rectangular window openings. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Pritchard&#39;s Outlook Historic District is a primarily residential historic district, roughly bounded by Park Drive, Walnut Street, Crescent Street, and Davis Street, in Allegan, Michigan. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first houses built in Allegan were constructed for the Allegan Company in what is now the mill area in the heart of the city in 1836. As the commercial district there grew, at least four of these houses were moved to new locations within what is now the Pritchard&#39;s Outlook Historic District. These four houses still exist, located at 220 Pine, 500 Cedar, 334 Cutler, and 416 Cutler. A short time after the Allegan Company houses were built, John Askins, a carpenter and millwright from Rochester, New York, built his private home downtown. In 1863, it was moved to 417 Monroe.</p><br>
<p>In 1838 and 1839, some of the first houses with in the district were built at 409 and 415 Monroe. Reflecting the influx of residents into Allegan, more houses were constructed through the 1860s and 1870s, representing a broad range of building and architectural types, and housing many of Allegan&#39;s prominent early settlers. Early residents include foundry owner Alby Rossman, O. T. Booth, merchant Albert Stegeman, Colonel Elisha Mix, Colonel William Williams, and General</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Pritchard. Allegan grew slowly in the 1880s, and few houses date to this period. However, growth restarted in the late 1890s and early 1900s, and later structures in the neighborhood date to the first portion of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Pritchards Outlook Historic District is a large residential historic district located near Allegans central business district. The district contains 223 structures, including 204 residences, eleven carriage houses, six churches, three office buildings, a fire station, and a school. Of these 223 structures, 206 contribute to the historic character of the neighborhood. The streets are narrow and lined with large trees, with predominantly frame houses in a range of sizes and styles. The bulk of the houses within the district date from 1850 to 1900, and primarily include Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival architectural styles. However, the district also contains Greek Revival, and Gothic Revival, and Craftsman buildings, as well as a smattering of other styles.</p><br>
<p>The district includes the oldest houses still extant in Allegan, which were moved from their original location near downtown. It also includes the oldest houses in the city still located on their original foundations. Particularly significant are four of the churches in the district:</p><br>
<p>Seventh-Day Adventist Church (229 Cutler) The oldest church in Allegan is a frame Greek Revival and Italianate structure built in 1863. It has an octagonal belfry, twelve-over-twelve windows, corner pilasters and a fanlight above the pilastered entry.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church (200 Cutler) This brick Romanesque Revival structure, with a tall spire was built in 1875.</p><br>
<p>First Congregational Church (323 Cutler) This frame Gothic sturucture, built in 1882, has a pair of towers in the front.</p><br>
<p>Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church (439 Trowbridge) This idiosyncratic Romanesque church was built in 1935.</p><br>
<p>The Brownell School and Annex are three historic former public school buildings located on Sumner Street in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. The Queen Anne-style main building was designed by prominent local architect John Eisenmann, and erected from 1884 to 1885. The first annex was designed by noted local architect Frank Seymour Barnum, and completed in 1905. The second annex, also by Barnum, was finished in 1909. Several individuals of local and national importance were educated there or taught school there, and the building served as the first campus of Cuyahoga Community College in 1962. The building was sold to private owners in 1979, and the complex underwent a major renovation from 1983 to 1985.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are a contributing property to the Lower Prospect-Huron Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 19, 1995. The buildings themselves were added to the National Register on February 1, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>About the buildings</h2><br>
<h3>First school (demolished circa 1865)</h3><br>
<p>On July 30, 1850, the city of Cleveland purchased for $600 ($ in dollars) lot number 10 on Clinton Street (later known as Brownell Street, and still later as E. 14th Street). This 100 by lot (known today as 2261 E. 14th Street) was purchased for the purpose of erecting a public school. Construction of a 44 by, two-story brick structure began in the fall of 1851. Local builder John Gill constructed the school at a cost of $3,500 ($ in dollars). The school opened in January 1852.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton School, as it was originally known, proved immensely popular with area residents. It became so overcrowded after just a single semester that in July 1852 the school board ordered that a third floor be added to the structure. This was built by Josiah Chase during the summer, at a cost of $175 ($ in dollars). A 24 by, one-story wooden addition was added in 1856, again to alleviate overcrowding.</p><br>
<h3>Second school (demolished 1930)</h3><br>
<p>In May 1863, the Cleveland Board of Education determined that a new, larger school was needed to replace the 1851 structure. The city purchased lots 17, 18, and 19 on the southern corner of the intersection of Sumner Street and Brownell avenue in September 1863. Noted local architect Simeon Porter designed the structure. With the American Civil War proving a drain on city finances, it was not until August 1864 that local builder Levi Aust was given a contract to build the new school. The 25-room brick grammar school, was completed in May 1865. It was named the Brownell Street School. The original school and its addition were demolished, and the original lot sold.</p><br>
<p>By at least 1874, the structures name had been shortened to "Brownell School". With Clevelands population rising rapidly, the Brownell School once more became overcrowded. Six temporary buildings had been moved onto the Brownell Street School lot or erected there by 1880, and two rooms rented in a nearby church, to provide room for the expanded student population.</p><br>
<h3>Third school (completed 1885)</h3><br>
<p>Rapidly expanding student populations led the Cleveland Board of Education to approve construction of a large annex to the Brownell School in December 1883. Two lots (22 and 23), totaling 88 by, were purchased for $3,048 ($ in dollars). Temporary school structures, recently condemned by the Cleveland Health Board, were demolished.</p><br>
<p>A two-story, eight room building, in the Queen Anne architectural style, designed by prominent local architect John Eisenmann, was built. This $19,397 ($ in dollars) edifice was nearing completion in March 1885, and opened in September 1885. This annex was known as the Sumner School, or "Brownell Relief" building.</p><br>
<h3>Fourth school (completed 1905)</h3><br>
<p>In January 1903, the Board of Education approved the construction of a six-room annex building for the Brownell School. The land, constituting the remainder of the block, was purchased in 1903, at a cost of about $3,000 ($ in dollars).</p><br>
<p>Prominent local architect Frank Seymour Barnum, who had served as the school district&#39;s staff architect since 1895, designed the structure. Although only six rooms, each of the rooms was 35 percent larger than in the other buildings. The structure cost $29,561 ($ in dollars), for a total cost (building, land, and improvements) of $33,475 ($ in dollars).</p><br>
<h3>Fifth school (completed 1909)</h3><br>
<p>The 1905 building proved only to be a stop-gap measure. In June 1908, the school district approved construction of a new wing, to cost $10,000, to connect the Brownell and Sumner schools. The work included adding a third floor (containing an auditorium) to the Sumner School, and building a 19 by pool in the basement of the addition. Also designed by Barnum, construction began in November 1908 with general contractor D.C. Griese & Walker overseeing the work.</p><br>
<p>The connecting wing opened in mid-March 1909.</p><br>
<h2>Post-construction history of the structures</h2><br>
<h3>Historicity of the structures</h3><br>
<p>By 1909, Brownell School was one of the most advanced in the city. It was believed to be one of the first schools in the United States to have a swimming pool, According to the United States Bureau of the Census, the school was the most ethnically diverse in the nation, with 41 nationalities represented among its 1,436 pupils.</p><br>
<p>Changing demographics led the school board to transform Brownell from an elementary school to a junior high school in 1918.</p><br>
<p>In February 1930, the decrepit 1884 Brownell School (the "second school") was demolished.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1933, a rapidly declining school-age population in the neighborhood led the Cleveland Board of Education to propose that Brownell School be closed. Construction of the Cedar-Central Apartments, erected in 1937 one of the first three public housing projects in the nation, gave brought new students to Brownell and prevented its closure for a time. Calls for the school to close were still made repeatedly over the next 25 years. However, every proposal was met with strong resistance by residents who called Brownell "possibly Cleveland&#39;s most historic school". Laura Spelman, the future wife of John D. Rockefeller, was a teacher and assistant principal there for a time between 1963 and 1968. Alumni included Winfred G. Leutner, president of Western Reserve University; Anthony J. Celebrezze, 49th mayor of Cleveland, fifth Secretary of Health and Human Services, and judge on the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit; Frank D. Celebrezze, Cleveland municipal court judge; George J. Matowitz, Chief of the Cleveland Division of Police from 1931 to 1951; James Metzenbaum, prominent local attorney and former Ohio state senator (1935 to 1936 and 1941 to 1942); Mary B. Grossman, Cleveland municipal court judge and the first female municipal court judge in the nation. and Samuel E. Kramer, a Cleveland municipal court judge for six years and Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas judge for 35 years.</p><br>
<h3>1958 closure</h3><br>
<p>The construction of the Willow Freeway (begun in 1938 and later designated Interstate 77) and Interstate 90 (which began in 1954, and is also known as the Inner Belt Freeway) caused rapid depopulation of the neighborhoods around the Brownell School. After attendance dropped by more than half (to under 200) in the spring of 1958,</p><br>
<p>The Board of Education initially attempted to sell the buildings. The first attempt, which ended in February 1961, brought only a single bid of $100,000 ($ in dollars). This bid, made by nearby Saint Maron Maronite Catholic Church, was far below</p><br>
<h3>Tri-C use</h3><br>
<p>In July 1961, the state of Ohio adopted legislation allowing counties to establish community colleges, technical institutes, and branches of state universities. The law into effect on October 20, 1961, and three days later the Cuyahoga County Commission established the Cuyahoga Community College (Tri-C). Local community leaders first suggested that Tri-C use the closed Brownell School as a temporary campus just two days after the Ohio legislature passed the bill. Local health and safety officials approved reused of the building, so long as some fire safety improvements were made. The interior of the Brownell School was heavily remodeled over the next nine months, and Tri-C opened its doors on September 23, 1963.</p><br>
<p>Tri-Co occupied the Brownell School (and other buildings) until the fall of 1968, when the first structure on its new Metropolitan Campus opened. It largely vacated the old school in 1969, when the remainder of the new campus opened. A few Tri-C administrative offices remained in the Brownell School until 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Private ownership</h3><br>
<p>The Tri-C having vacated the Brownell School, the school district had the structure reappraised in anticipation of selling it again. The new appraisal but the value of the building and land at $165,000 ($ in dollars). In January 1979, the Cleveland Postal Employees Credit Union successfully bid $145,000 ($ in dollars) for the structure, placing it in private hands.</p><br>
<p>The Brownell School complex changed hands a second time in 1983, when local Irrigation Supply Inc. president Dave Vanderwist and his investment partners acquired the property. The three buildings underwent a $1.85 million ($ in dollars) restoration. court, and the showers and steam room updated. A small fitness center was added as well. The schools auditorium was renovated into open plan office space (first used by a law firm), and the building skylight repaired and reopened. Reporter Lou Mio of The Plain Dealer newspaper called the renovated structure "a restored jewel" and "one of Clevelands best-kept secrets".</p><br>
